Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay

Obesity has been defined as a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that health may be adversely affected. The classification of overweight and obesity allows the identification of individuals and groups at increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality. 1.Analyze the obesity problem in the U.S. as compared to another developed country in which the obesity problem is not as significant. Include factors such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and marital status in your analysis. Hypothesize the reason why the rate of obesity is higher in the U.S. than the other country. Obesity has been such a struggle for Americans since the early 1980s. According to Fleming, major effort to reduce the proportion of members who are overweight or obesity involves a strategic plan (Fleming, 2008). Obesity varies by age, gender, and by race-ethnic groups. A higher body weight is associated with an increased incidence of a number of conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and with an increased risk of disability. Obesity is associated with a modestly increased risk of all-cause mortality. However, the net effect of overweight and obesity on morbidity and mortality is difficult to quantify. It is likely that a gene-environment interaction, in which genetically susceptible individuals respond to an environment with increased availability of palatable energy-dense foods and reduced opportunities for energy expenditure, contributes to the current high prevalence of obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). The United States is not alone in experiencing increases in the prevalence of obesity. Similar increases have been reported from a number of other countries and regions of the world. For example, in England, the prevalence of obesity (BMI is greater than or equal to 30) among women 25–34 years of age increased from 12% to 24% in only 9 years between 1993 and 2002. In Portugal, increases in overweight among school-age children also have been found. Less-developed countries also have seen increases in obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Among preschool-age children in urban areas of China, the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.5% in 1989 to 12.6% in 1997(The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Differences in the prevalence of obesity between countries in Europe or between race-ethnic groups in the United States tend to be more pronounced for women than for men. For example, in Europe, the WHO Multinational Monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease study, which gathered data from 39 sites in 18 countries, found the prevalence of obesity was similar for men across all sites (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). For women, however, there were marked differences in prevalence between sites, with higher values for women from Eastern Europe. Similarly, in the United States, there are marked differences in the prevalence of obesity by race-ethnic group for women but not for men. According to the U.S. obesity trend, the southern states have the highest prevalence of obesity out of all the fifty states. The CDC stated that more than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) are obese. Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese (Overweight and Obesity, 2011). 2.Compare obesity rates and obesity-related health care costs in your state to all of the U.S. Recommend how your state can treat obesity as a threat to public health. As stated above, Georgia is one of the southern states that have a high prevalence mortality rate. The greatest problem with the statistical linkages between body mass and mortality is that other confounding factors are not considered, leaving little basis for drawing causal inferences. Most epidemiological studies estimating the relationship between body weight and mortality do not control for fitness, exercise, diet quality, weight cycling, diet drug use, economic status, or family history. Furthermore, in studies that control for some of these factors, the data are usually self-reported and thus of extremely questionable reliability. Georgia ranks seventeenth most obese state in the nation. Obesity is one of the biggest public health challenges. Millions of Americans still face barriers like the high cost of healthy foods and lack of access to safe places to be physically active. There has been a significant increase in health care cost in accordance to obesity. The annual cost of obesity in Georgia is estimated at $2.1 billion ($250 per Georgian each year), which includes direct health care costs and lost productivity from disease, disability, and death (indirect costs) (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). Treatment of this epidemic would be rather difficult. At a federal level, the new health reform law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, has the potential to address the obesity epidemic through a number of prevention and wellness provisions, expand coverage to millions of uninsured Americans, and create a reliable funding stream through the creation of the Prevention and Public Health Fund. People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk for death than people of optimal (normal) weight. An estimate of excess mortality is called the population attributable risk (PAR). PAR is an estimate of the proportion of deaths caused by a particular risk factor, in this case, overweight and obesity. The PAR represents the proportion of deaths in a population that would be eliminated if the risk factor were removed from the population. The PAR for overweight and obesity is the fraction of all deaths that would not occur if everyone were of optimal (normal) weight. The PAR from overweight and obesity is estimated using the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Georgia and the relative risk for dying among overweight and obese persons compared with normal weight persons. The risk varies by age and sex. In Georgia, approximately 10% of the total number of deaths each year is attributable to overweight or obesity, indicating that about 6,700 Georgians dies annually because they are overweight or obese. About 1,500 (22%) of the excess deaths occur among people who are overweight, and 5,200 (78%) occur among those who are obese (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). 3.Suggest how politics of this issue will hinder your ability as an epidemiologist to help your community and / or state deal with the issue of obesity. The medical costs of obesity in the U.S. have been estimated at $75 – $100 billion a year. The estimate for Georgia is about $2.1 billion per year, or $250 per Georgian per year. Excess body fat is associated with both direct costs such as diagnostic and treatment services related to overweight and obesity, and indirect costs such as lost wages and reduced productivity due to illness, disability, and premature death (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). As an epidemiologist, the extra funds would not be available to help those individuals that are obese and want to lose the weight. The U.S. is already spending a large amount of money through medical cost for those obese individuals. A government grant to help individuals may even get refused because again, the funding is coming from the government. Politics would not want to provide funding for a start of a program because it is cost efficient and could be expensive. We are now at a point where governments are belatedly aware of the threat that rising obesity poses to population health as well as to society’s economic well-being and the natural environment. The awareness of the size and complexity of the problem is also evolving into an awareness of the need for multiple actions to achieve a high enough ‘dose of solutions’. There is widespread agreement that a multi-sectorial response will be needed from governments, the private sector, civil society and the public. 4.Propose four (4) new policies or laws that the government can implement to address the obesity problem in the U.S. Include the implications of those policies or laws on people, health insurance, health care providers, businesses, and the food industry. In an ideal world, governments would have been monitoring population obesity trends and have acted early to implement the actions needed to halt and reverse the obesity epidemic. However, this is not the common reality and, indeed, only a handful of countries have monitoring systems in place to detect changes in the prevalence of obesity and its risk factors. As stated above in question number two a new health reform law has to address the obesity epidemic through different wellness, and providing coverage to the millions of Americans. Government could also issue a community transformation grant to individuals that have transformed their obese bodies into healthy balanced bodies. Policies to reduce greenhouse emissions, such as corporate and individual carbon trading, would be powerful stealth interventions for obesity prevention. Congestion taxes, car-free cities, public transport growth and other urban planning options will have increased physical activity as a beneficial side effect and thus contribute to obesity prevention. Reducing the carbon cost of food could also have an effect on energy intake since many of the energy dense foods which promote obesity tend to be more processed, packaged foods in other words, higher in carbon costs. 5.Assess and address the causes which have made obesity rates increase for the past decade. Over the past three decades, obesity has increase significantly. While the exact reasons for increased global obesity were still undetermined, experts said changing habits were likely contributors. Diets are different than they were 30 years ago, and modern technology has decreased physical activity. Developing countries now have a lot of the conveniences that are commonplace in wealthier nations. There are also an increase of automobile, which we are widely dependent on and less walking or bicycling. In conclusion, the drivers of this pandemic that is now affecting rich and poor countries alike must be global in nature and relatively recent in onset. While biological hard-wiring explains the potential for the development of obesity, it cannot explain the secular trends in obesity prevalence. Humans have, for good survival reasons, evolved a biology that is designed to maximize energy intake and minimize physical activity. We seek and enjoy good tasting food (especially sweet, fatty and salty foods) and we seek to reduce the effort needed to do work (by designing machines and technology to do it for us). While these are powerful factors, our biology has not changed over the last 30 years. What has changed dramatically is the environment around us – especially the easy availability of foods and energy-saving machines that feed those biological desires. It is the increasingly obesogenic environments which are promoting especially excessive energy intake but also reduced physical exertion that are driving secular trends.

Witness

The development of characters is enhanced by Peter Weir’s film techniques? Discuss this statement with reference to witness The film Witness focuses on the clash of cultures, allowing Peter Weir to comment on the injustices of modern culture and the development of characters as a result. In the film Witness the Western World influences and changes the characters through the new experiences they face and encounter. Throughout the course of the film the Amish boy, Samuel Lapp undergoes many changes as he is influenced and corrupted by the horrors of the Western World as appose to the Amish culture which dwells on living a pacifist lifestyle within which he lives. The murder scene in Witness is critical to revealing the change of Samuel’s experiences from innocence to complete awareness of the horrors of the world. The close up of Samuel’s eye through the keyhole in the bathroom door reveals that we are seeing the course of events through his point of view and perspective on the situation. However in the bathroom scene Samuel witnesses a brutal murder which vicissitudes his character to one that has knowledge of the danger and violence in the Western World. The Western World’s morals and values of what is veracious and immoral are different to that of the Amish society. The Amish and John Book have different perceptions of justice as illustrated throughout the gun scene. In this scene both John Book and Eli reprimand Samuel when he touched the gun. The close up of Samuel handling the gun provokes contradictory responses from both John Book and Eli. John Book is concerned that the gun is loaded and hands Samuel the gun without bullets. To John Book the bullets symbolise the power to exert justice; the gun is purely the vessel like he is, from which justice can be delivered. The close up of Samuel directs the audience’s attention to the fact that it is Samuel whose mind is being influenced and challenged by his exposure to the western world. In contrast Eli’s view is that the gun symbolises the unclean nature of the Western Culture as it has the power to take away a man’s life. However the gun is purely an extension of a person’s values whether that is moral or unmoral values. The Amish culture dwells on the concept of peace within their community and lives a pacifist lifestyle; however when the western world collides with the Amish lifestyle many differences yet some similarities show through. This reveals Peter Weir’s ultimate comment the despite our differences and similarities uman nature draws individuals together. The western lifestyle is represented through the Dark music which conveys the cruelness and brutality of the Western World coming into and influencing and challenging characters within the Amish community. This is revealed in the final gun scene. In this scene John uses what is within the Amish community to defeat the corrupt cops that are coming against him. In the final gun s cene there is a sense of community in order to protect the Amish culture whereas the murder scene there is a sense of individualism and corruption.

Sexual Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Sexual Disorders - Essay Example Nowadays, there is a universal framework of sexual disorders in terms of their causes, i.e. the scheme which will be presented below, can be applied to various forms of sexual imbalance. As Krueger and Kaplan write, Freudian approach to sexual dysfunction (Freud and his disciples identified sexual disorders as a result of incomplete Oedipus’ and Electra’s complexes in males and females correspondingly) is out-of-date, as psychodynamic perspective has already proved its inconsistency unless it is combined with social psychological views ( Krueger and Kaplan, 2000). As the scholars write, human matrix of sexual behavior underlies in the set of accepted sexual norms. â€Å"A forbidding, puritanical rejection of physical sexuality, including touching, by a parent engenders guilt and shame in a child and inhibits his capacity for enjoying sex and developing healthy intimate relationships as an adult. Relations with parents may be damaged by excessive emotional distance, by punitive behaviors, or by overt seductiveness and sexual exploitation† (Krueger and Kaplan, 2000). Fergusson adds to this viewpoint and claims that a number of sexual disorders are rooted in human guilt associated with masturbation (Fergusson, 1999), towards which the society has developed punitive attitudes so that the individual feels sexually marginalized (even though statistics suggests that about 97% males and 80% females satisfy their sexual needs on their own (ibid)) and thus impaired in terms of sexual performance. Furthermore, intensive and frequent sexual activity can also result in the ‘sexual tiredness’ and the emergence of sexual disorders, which serve the goals of sexual novelty and re-obtaining of intimacy (Federhoff et al, 1999). Furthermore, Federhoff and his colleagues hold that the gradual destruction of the bond between emotionality and sexuality leads to the mechanization of sexual life with following emergence of sexual

TCP Strategic management. Stakeholders Case Study

TCP Strategic management. Stakeholders - Case Study Example er-high interest, those who are more directly involved in treating the disease such as cancer experts, medical professionals, consumers and cancer advocacy groups are included. Public investors of Zeltia, as well as J&J, the companys co-venturer, as well as creditors of Zeltia, and US policy makers, with their economic and political powers are included in the high power-low interest quadrant. The key players, or stakeholders that fall under the high power-high interest quadrant include the US FDA, joint venture partners J&J and Janssen Cilag, Zeltias key research team as well as the major shareholders and board of directors. For Zeltia, the following are the categories of stakeholders, or groups with interest to the companys decision of introduction of Yondelis  ® as a drug for ovarian cancer. These stakeholders are identified according to their interests and power as apparent in the recent articles that tackle the developments concerning this decision of the company. Zeltia is a publicly-listed company in the Stocks Exchange in Spain (Grupo Zeltia 2008). A publicly-held company has a fiduciary relationship with its investors, where under some laws it is required to disclose many of its activities which could impact the value of the company. Therefore, public investors, or investors who invest in Zeltias stocks through the stock market are a group of stakeholders for the company. The public investors at large determines the dynamics that affect the stock price of the company, hence, the companys market value (Carroll 2009). As apparent in the companys annual report (Grupo Zeltia 2008, note 13), part of the companys financing includes debt. The companys debt has long-term as well as short-term debts, loans, short-term interest accrued, and financial leases. Another group of stakeholders for Zeltia include the creditors. These include the banks, the suppliers, and other financial institutions that provide loan to the company, or in any case where the financing

Managing change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing change - Essay Example Clearly, there is a separation of vision within the executive leadership group mandating an immediate necessity to unify this group by way of establishing a singular strategic goal for securing the banks continued growth and obtaining policies which enhance internal productivity. A common purpose derived of senior-level unity of vision is a missing element from the organizational climate and this level of division is having a profound trickle down effect on the banking staff which further creates a disorganized and uncertain culture. Further, the rigid top-down leadership hierarchy of command established within the bank prevents empowering staff to utilize their vast skills through self-managed contributions. The breakdown of communication in the Australian Regional Bank can best be defined in the organizations lack of development regarding customer relationship management and this collapse of communication is impacting productivity on all levels. Despite the banks history of substantial successes, radical change in terms of internal practice is proposed in order to move forward as a cohesive business entity. Developing a common purpose within the executive leadership group should be recognized as a primary objective in order to establish a clear path forward in terms of how the company intends to sustain growth in its industry. While some new executives continue to resist the direction proposed by the Chief General Manager, others are attempting to mimic opposing successes established in the executives previous career position. This division amongst leadership is substantially visible to the bank employees, creating a sense of confusion, doubt, and mistrust in terms of perceived manager/employee relationships. Lack of management visibility and support, especially for companies experiencing a transitional phase, will directly affect employees perceptions about whether or not the company is well-managed (Boles & Sunoo, 1998). Faith in

Voluntary environmental management initiatives Essay

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Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research methods - Essay Example The institutions in turn are supposed to make their operations and services attractive enough for the industry and the customer. The value that is addition done by both operations management and operations strategy happens to be fundamental to any organization. The above mentioned articles have one thing in common; they underline the need for effective management of financial aspects of a business. Providing services or goods are the basic forms of operational activities. All organizations try to provide a combination of products and services, using available sources with them. Opening a bank account, taking a meal in a restaurant, visiting a hospital, buying a pair shoes, insuring a vehicle, a hotel stay etc. are all operations activities and their management is central to the successful provisioning of goods and services. Such value addition helps the banks and financial institutions help in making them friendly institutions to the customer base at large. Marketing consists of the strategies and tactics used to identify, create, and maintain satisfying relationships with customers that result in value for both the customer and the marketer. Relationship management, the very basis of running financial services, asks for earning the loyalty of customer. This in turn calls for keeping the workforce motivated enough, while extending valuable services to the customers. The global economy has made it almost mandatory for retail stores, banks, financial institutions etc. that an effective strategy is adopted for managing the workforce and the diversity at the organisation so that everybody is able to enjoy a better working environment and the customer too feels valued. This helps the company in taking on the competitors with fullest potential. The bank (or any company for that matter) can acquire competitive advantage on its rivals on account of marketing efforts, brand building, value creation, innovation, supply chain management, operatio nal

Analysis of British Airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of British Airways - Essay Example I will be able to help the company in its decision-making processes specifically on the strategic path that it would take. This is because I have been able to acquire knowledge and skills in the fields of general management, strategic management, and corporate finance. I am particularly interested in joining the management and planning team which primarily determines the core competencies, strengths, weaknesses, and the needs of British Airways. I can surely be instrumental in shaping the strategic path of the organization with my hard-earned knowledge and skill in assessing the internal performance of the company as well as the external factors in its external environment, I believe that in landing a job, a potential employee must only be imbued with the technical skills needed for the position. One of the most important things to consider is the persons high level of motivation to excel in the field and his capacity to deal with the diverse individual in the business organization. Joining British Airways has been one of my greatest dreams and I am highly passionate to aid in the company's success. I am highly motivated to excel in this career, wanting not just a mere position but with commitment and devotion, I would like to pursue growth and excellence. I believe that I will be able to stand the pressure of joining a diverse workforce because I am trained to be open-minded and respectful of individuals outside my color, culture, value, and opinion. In order to prove that I will be effective in my chose position, I will be giving a brief analysis of British Airways current performance through the employment of strategic management tools. First, I will be focusing on the business organizations financial performance by a financial ratio analysis. Next, I will look at the company's internal and external environment by the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

Annotated News Item Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated News Item - Assignment Example This lead to bitterness between the West and Iran and eventually the relationship between the West and Iran did deteriorate a lot. Over the years following the Islamic Revolution, the relationship of Iran with the US and the other Western powers did turn sour. 2. Iran did have a nuclear program that was initially cancelled after the Islamic Revolution in the year 1979. However, Iran did revive its nascent nuclear program during the Iran-Iraq war to protect itself against any such future attacks on Iran. Following the revival of the Iranian nuclear program, the international community and especially the West did put much pressure on Iran to close down and shut its nuclear program. The Iranian government did respond to this international pressure by declaring that it was an attempt on the part of the West to keep Iran economically and scientifically backward and to prevent Iran from militarily guarding its interests in the Middle East. Iran used this international opposition to its nuclear program to revive the nationalistic sentiments amongst the Iranian people and to augment the support for the Iranian regime that was gradually losing support amongst the masses. Over the years the nuclear program of Iran did become a central issue in deter mining as to how Iran related to the West and the kind of relationship that Iran intended to have with the Western powers that staunchly opposed Iran’s nuclear ambition.

Guerrilla warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Guerrilla warfare - Essay Example The following paper presents an argument and demarcates the line between the Just warfare and guerilla war. in order to present the debate the paper will first explain the Just Warfare theory so that it becomes convenient to contradict the guerilla warfare. Before the paper progresses in to the details of ethics and sheds light upon the guerilla warfare analysis, it is important to understand the Just warfare theory and its ethics. The just warfare theory is a Christian philosophy that emphasizes upon the three factors: 1. Killing humans is inhumane. 2. States shoulder the duty to protect their citizens and defend justice. 3. Protection of an innocent life, defending the moral values often requires violence and force. However, it is imperative to mention that the Just war theory lays down conditions in order to judge the reasons before a war is waged. The Just war theory was deduced by Christian theologians but is open those who believe in other religions or does not believe in any a t all. However, the theory states clearly ethics and guidelines that may allow a war to take place. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight here that the theory does not in any way justify war neither is it for individuals. Despite the fact, it is not for the individuals to use the theory to decide if the war should be necessitated, however the individuals can use to weigh the pros and cons of war and if they should take part in it or not. Moreover, theory was formulated not to provide a justification for the war rather it was deduced to prevent war and give states the reason to resolve conflicts in an amicable manner instead picking weapons. The doctrine of just war very easily deceives a person in drawing connotations that war is justified and hence a good thing. Nevertheless, doctrine strictly speaks against waging wars and highlights that under certain circumstances it can be waged. However, it is the entire theory that implies that war is a lesser evil but it remains evil ev en if it is waged under duress for the purpose of protection (BBC). The historic literature available suggests that after World War II most of the states have remained in conflict with each other, whereas some had avoided the idea of war altogether some still engage in warfare. State versus state wars still occur, one of the prime example of the war is Anglo-American invasion of the Iraq; wars of such kind have become rare in today’s world. Most of the wars have become internal conflicts. Most of the states today have to face stateless enemies, which are later labeled as faceless attackers. These kinds of wars are referred to as Guerilla wars. These well-trained attackers attack the conventional army leaving abruptly after the attack. Usually, the conventional armies are not prepared for such attacks. Nevertheless, most of the countries that indulge in such wars are those who do not afford to fight openly or lack the tactics to fight the enemy (Robinson). Although, waging war has ethics and requires approval from the UN many countries fight covetously by deploying their men in different states that spread terrorism by killing innocent people. One such war was waged against the approval of the UN in 2003, which is commonly known as the invasion of Iraq. Although, the

Elaine Cumming and Warren Earl Henrys Disengagement Theory Essay Example for Free

Elaine Cumming and Warren Earl Henrys Disengagement Theory Essay Disengage because of reduced physical health and loss of social activities * Cummings (1975) argued that older people would experience a reduction in social contact as they grow older and becoming increasingly ‘individual’ * ‘disengaging is a natural part of aging’ *   Everyone expects death, and ones abilities will likely deteriorate over time. As a result, every person will lose ties to others in his or her society. aging  is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between theaging  person and others in the social system he belongs to. Embardos disagreement.. * Said theory was discredited for many reasons * Argues that majority of older people remain socially involved with family and friends . Maybe choose to spend more time with people they are close to rather than seeking new friends * Current data from the office for national statistics supports the view that a majority of older people enjoy social networks * if people only interact with close friends does this mean they are disengaged? * Argued that older people need to disengage but * They need to remain ‘active’ in order to stop disengagement going too far * Argues that society should provide older people with activities * Society should provide them with education of how to make use of the activities * It is very important for older adults to remain mentally active and maintain an interest in life and enjoy the company of others * The theory assumes that a positive relationship between activity and  life satisfaction| M2 – case study 1 Alan is a 76 year old man who has recently lost his wife. He is completely disengaged. He does not try to socialise as he is still grieving from the loss of his wife and can’t seem to pull himself around. Firstly the social disengagement theory will affect Alan’s social development; he is disengaging himself from any social activities or communications as he is grieving. This will have a negative effect on his social and emotional development as he is not talking to people to help him feel better or to get things ‘off his chest’, keeping it all locked away. This will have a negative effect and will make him a lot worse. It may also have a negative effect on his physical or physiological development as he may be susceptible to depression. This may lead to physical harm. The argument against this theory will however have a positive effect on Alan as he will be socialising with other people, helping tae his mind off the loss of his wife. He will also be engaging in social activities keeping his mind active positively effecting his intellectual development, and again taking his mind off his loss. The argument to this theory would also have a positive effect on his physical development as he will be getting around more when joining in activities. Lastly joining these activities will reflect on Alan’s emotional development and maybe help him to cope with his loss more as he is not constantly grieving over it. Bromleys activity theory would have a positive effect on Alan’s, physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. As the theory states, older people should be provided with activities and educated on these topics, this will help Alan’s intellectual development as his mind is still active, as he is gaining knowledge about the activities given and his brain will be engaging in the activities keeping it active also. This will also have a positive effect on Alan’s physical development as he will be taking part in the activities, enabling him to get around and be more fit and active. His social development will be effected greatly also as he will be constantly communicating with a lot of different people. Lastly his emotional development will be effected as he may cope with his loss a bit more successfully, and he may also discover a hobby he has taken a liking to. Case study 2 Geena is 86 years old and struggles to move around a lot. She is very upset that her mobility isn’t as strong as it used to be, and gets emotional at times when she tries to do something independently and cannot. Although she is independent she does not like being alone. As Geena is a very independent woman, the social disengagement theory has a negative effect on her physical development as it states, she is disengaged because her restricted mobility to get around. Not only does this affect her social development, but her physical too as she is straining herself to complete tasks that are difficult for her. This also has a negative effect on her emotional development as it upsets her that she cannot complete daily things she feels she needs to do. This does not affect her intellectual development. The disagreement to this theory would not affect Geena a lot as she is not disengaged. However it would affect her intellectual development positively if she joined a social networking site, as this would build up her knowledge of technology, effecting her social life also as she may get in touch with some old friends. This will not affect her emotional or physical development. Bromleys activity theory may affect Geena’s emotional development negatively as she has restricted mobility and would not be able to join any physical activities without becoming distressed and upset. However, if she joined activities such as bingo this would positively affect her social development as she would get out more an interact with a variety of different people, it would positively affect her emotionally as she will be able to complete activities without having to move or becoming distressed and upset about it. Lastly it will positively affect her intellectually as it will be keeping her mind active while she is concentrating on her activities.

Project Management Essay Example for Free

Project Management Essay The objective of this project is to open a second office for Better Health Care Centers within the next 18 months and within the $1.5 million budget on time and on budget. The projects environment as it relates to cultural /social is one of healing, health and wellbeing of the population or community. The expansion of the facility will impose little impact on the environment as we will be using an existing building and all green practices and policies will be instituted when possible. For the general management of this project I will be using construction managers, contract managers and lawyers, and there will be another manger in charge of the hiring of staff and all of those people will be reporting to me, the general project manager. Since this is such a long and expensive project there will need to be tight controls on time and resources to ensure that there is little to no waste. The project will be segmented into phases that will be completed or almost complete when the next phase of the project begins. This will enable better control of the project as opposed to doing things out of a logical order. You would not furnish the building before you install the carpet. The amount of phases and the degree of control of each phase will depend on the size complexity and impact of the project. The phases for now, will be simplified and will go something like this; the initiating phase where all of the proposals and budgets for each phase will be defined will be set. The next phase will include the planning process. Where all of the basic needs of the project will be defined and the management team is built and phase assignments are delegated. Then the work starts with the execution of the project and the individual projects begin in earnest. This phase has some overlapping projects and simultaneous projects there will be very few times when there is only one project working at the time. During this phase the acquisition of building space, contracts with insurance companies and outside laboratories and radiology facilities and hospitals will be negotiated. The hiring of contractors and th e finalizing of floor plans and choosing equipment and other materials and supplies are decided upon. This is the longest phase and tight controls on budget and time are most important. There will be a need for four managers to run different areas of the project they will be in control of their budget and reporting to the general project manager and to the shareholders. Each manager will have a staff of people to do some of the work according to their expertise. There will be a legal team, a construction team, a design team and a team to organize meetings, a team for the overall budget an accounting team. In the final or closing phase the work picks up pace and crunch time becomes a reality. In this phase many projects will be complete while others are winding down and a few will just be starting. In this phase the hiring of the office staff, physicians and office mangers will be finalized and contracted. In this phase the finishing touches will be put in place and the equipment will be delivered and set up. The computer systems will be installed and training of the new employees will commence. For this project the manager will need excellent time management skills and the ability to communicate effectively with second level managers and project leaders and staff so that the efficiency of the project has as few set back and errors as possible. The project manager will also need leadership skills. With out a good leader nothing gets done efficiently or effectively. Project managers are assigned to achieve the project objectives. This role requires flexibility, strong leadership. Good judgment, negotiating skills and a solid knowledge of project management practices. The project manager must have attention to detail while managing from an overall management prospective. The project manager is responsible for the success of the project and is in charge of all aspects of the project. The project manager responsibilities include: Developing the management plan and its related components. Keeping the project on time and on budget. Monitoring, identifying and responding to risk. The manager is also responsible for timely and accurate reporting of project metrics. The project team is made up of the manager, and other team members that carry out the work but not necessarily involved in management. Each team has its own knowledge of their specific subject matter. It is necessary for all teams to meet regularly to go over any problems and to update the project manager on each teams progress. References: PMBOK guide forth edition project management institute. Fourth edition 2008 CTU online live chats Granville Jones Instructor http://www.techrepublic.com/article/encourage-success-by-following-pmis-knowledge-areas/1051548

Child labour in the global economy

Child labour in the global economy This report proposes to examine the key effects, elements and issues surrounding child labour in relation to the global economy. Through their thorough and convincing research, the authors, Eric .V.Edmonds and Nina Pavcnik (2005) estimate the number of economically active children between the ages of 5-14 years and claim that parental poverty is its main cause. However, they are hesitant to endorse the widely held belief that international policies are the solution to this global crisis; rather they suggest more domestic measures to limit it, such as affordable education and more job stimulation. They also argue that contrary to popular perception most working children engage in domestic/market work rather than in manufacturing establishments. Introduction The term Child Labour is a widespread phenomenon often equated to child abuse. In Erics footnote on What is Child Labour? He states the International Labour Organisations (ILO) definition of child labour which is defines an economically active child as a child labourer if she is under 12 and economically active for one or more hours per week, 12-14 and working more than 14hours per week or one or more hours per week in activities that are hazardous by nature or circumstance and if she is 15-17 and works in unconditional work forms of child labour (trafficked children, children in bondage or forced labour, armed conflict, prostitution, pornography, illicit activities)(ILO 2002, cited in Edmonds and Pavcnik 2005; pp.200). Edmonds asserts however that these forms of child labour are rare. He insists stating that children engage in activities which could either be harmful or beneficial depending on the type of activity and also the impact on the child should depend on what the child would be doing if not working (the childs alternative foregone). Household Survey evidence by the ILOs Statistical information and monitoring program on child labour (SIMPOC) also defines child labour as A child is defined as economically active if he or she works for wages (cash or in-kind); works in the family farm in the production and processing of primary products; works in family enterprises that are making primary products for the market, barter or own consumption; or is unemployed and looking for these types of work (ILO 2002,cited in Edmonds and Pavcnik 2005; pp.201). This is a more practical definition taking into account that most children work at home for their families; either on the farm or domestically. The rare hazardous forms of labour stated in the ILOs definition are difficult to make out in household surveys which the SIMPOC are based on thus specialized surveys are conducted by the ILO and other concerned organizations. As a result of these surveys, the ILOs SIMPOC (2002) estimates 8.4 million children engage in unconditional work forms of child labour and of these, 68 percent are in bonded or forced labour (forms of slavery). According to Edmond and Pavncik most child labourers are employed by their parents to work on the farm or domestically which goes against the widely held view that children work mainly in manufacturing establishments and other forms of employment. They argue that children also face risks in the simplest forms of labour as they get older, for example agriculture, due to exposure to toxic chemicals, harsh weather conditions, animals/parasites. Ashagrie (1997) agrees with this point stating that the self reported injury rate from child labour surveys of chi ldren working in agriculture is actually higher at 2 percent than the 9 percent level reported in manufacturing. (Ashagrie 1997 cited in Edmonds and Pavcnik 2005; pp.208) Edmonds and Pavnciks article posits an open research question as to whether the reasons children engage in these hazardous working conditions differs from the driving force of children working on their family businesses or domestic work. Literature review. Child labour in the global economy is estimated at 211million, ILO (2002), which accounts for 18 % of children, aged 5-14 worldwide. Of these, 60 % are in Asia and 23 % in sub Saharan Africa. Although Asia has a greater percentage of child labours Africa has a higher participation rate estimated at 30%. SIMPOC also estimates that 4 % of children work in transition economies (i.e. countries undergoing economic liberalization) and 2% in developed countries. The United Nations childrens educational fund (UNICEF) conducted three surveys in thirty-six less developed countries in 2000 and 2001 providing information on the participation rates in both domestic and market work for 124 million children. The first survey helps buttress Edmond and Pavcniks point on child workers engaging mainly in domestic/ market work rather than manufacturing establishments. Participation rates in various activities for 124million children 5-14 from 36 countries in 2000. All children 5-14 Age 5-9 10-14 Gender Male Female Location Urban Rural Market work (MAR) 25.0 15.3 35.2 26.6 23.3 18.9 30.5 Paid 2.4 1.0 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 unpaid 5.8 4.4 7.3 5.6 5.9 4.0 7.3 family 20.8 12.4 29.7 22.4 19.1 14.8 26.2 Domestic work (DOM) 64.6 50.8 79.2 59.3 69.9 60.7 67.4 Any work (MAR + DOM) 68.4 53.5 84.3 64.8 72.1 64.1 71.7 20 or more hours per week 20.7 10.3 31.8 19.4 22.1 14.1 26.4 40 or more hours per week 6.4 2.7 10.3 6.1 6.7 3.6 8.8 UNICEF End of Decade Assessment microdata, (2000). See Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005, JEP). From the table above it is evident that less than 3% of children work outside the household for pay and this is mainly the case in rural settlements rather than urban where manufacturing activities are dominant. Approximately 6% participate in unpaid work. Edmonds and Pavcnik interpret these unpaid children as those children who help their neighbours in the farm or business or could also be children receiving in-kind payments (food) as well as children who are indebted to their employees by their parents. However in contrast to this, 20.8% of children work in family businesses and of this figure, 26.2% are in rural areas and 14.8% in urban. The authors further research shows that there is an agreement with this UNICEF survey from other available data from countries like Nepal, South Africa, Vietnam, India as well as Bangladesh where child labour in its garment industry also had a figure of 1.2% unpaid children age 5-14 as cited in a 2002 child labour survey. According to the table ap proximately 65% of children work domestically and 68% work in both market and domestic work. There is a high participation rate pattern by older female children age 10-14 in rural areas. The table also shows that they tend to work longer hours than males. This is probably due to cultural domestic values. Agriculture takes the largest part of the employment sector in countries (e.g. Kenya 77% In 1998, Guatemala 63 %in 2000, Ethiopia 89% in 2001 etc) followed closely by domestic work and then manufacturing which is only a percentage of economically active children. Figures from the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) 2004 (FOA 2004 cited in Edmonds and Pavcnik 2005)match with this indicating that most adults work in agriculture and since most children work with their parents they also work in agriculture. There is a trade off between work and school for child labourers. Most working children attend school and the UNICEF estimates in its second survey the total hours of work in relation to different types of work as well as school attendance. The data shows that on average, children spend 26 hours on market work weekly. Children that work for their families and are unpaid spend 27hours weekly. Paid employment takes up more hours in a week and by older children. Children that take part in domestic work spend 16 hours per week .Edmonds and Pavcnik further stated that these figures should not imply that domestic work is insignificant because on average, majority of the hours spent on market work is indeed domestic work. However children that attend school spend less hours working than those who do not attend school. The third survey below by the UNICEF reports the school attendance of children aged 5-14. From the table we observe that approximately 70% of children in that age range attend school and this attendance is mainly in favour of older male boys, in urban areas. School attendance conditional on work status accounts for 74%. There is a 14% likelihood that children who do not work do not attend school but this is reflected mainly in younger children. Less than 5 % of the 30% of children that do not attend school work in market work only and we see that domestic work is more popular in this case as 32% of the 30% participate in it alone. Thus Edmonds states that in ignoring this figure of domestic work researchers would lose out on one of the segments of children not attending school. A large fraction of children, 42%, well known as idle attend neither school nor work Work and schooling status for 124million children 5-14 from 36 countries in 2000 All children 5-14 Age 5-9 10-14 Gender Male female Location Urban rural Attend school 69.5 58.9 80.8 70.768.3 75.1 63.9 Attendance rates conditional Any work Not work 73.9 60.0 64.1 80.6 52.9 82.2 75.7 72.3 61.6 57.8 80.1 68.3 64.9 52.8 Conditional on nonattendance Domestic only Market only 32.0 4.5 30.8 34.9 2.8 8.3 27.1 36.6 6.3 2.7 31.8 32.0 4.9 4.3 Both market and domestic Not work 22.0 41.5 13.1 42.2 53.3 14.6 20.3 23.5 46.2 37.1 12.8 26.6 50.6 37.1 UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey End of Decade Assessment microdata.(2002) Child labourers face consequences on schooling attainment because time spent working gives less time for extracurricular activities and might weaken their school performance. Orazem and Gunnarsson (2004) find that third and fourth graders who attend school but never work in market or domestic work perform 28 % better on mathematics tests and 19% better on language tests than children who attend school and work. Empirical evidence of this is given in an example by Beegle, Dehejia and Gatti (2004) wherein after five years of working and schooling they examined the status of young adults in Vietnam. They observed that a one standard deviation increase in the hours worked by children attending school is equated to a 35% decrease in educational attainment. Edmonds and Pavcnik however are of the school of thought that this negative correlation between working and grade advancement might reflect that low performing students engage in work rather than that work generates low-performing stude nts. Parents send their children to work not by choice but as a result of economic necessity thus Child labour is caused fundamentally by poverty and as far back as data show, there have been several policies proposed with the aim of fighting against child labour worldwide. Have these legislative acts helped solve the problem of child labour? To answer this question Edmonds and Pavncik give two examples, firstly the US Congress enacted laws prohibiting the importation of goods made by children and as a result of these sanctions, Bangladesh was said to have released over 10,000 paid child workers below the age of 14 from its garment industry in the mid 1900s. Evidently this is not drastic as the figures are a tenth of the percentage of child workers in Bangladesh. Furthermore Moehling (1999) finds little evidence that minimum wage laws in manufacturing sectors put into practice between the years 1880 and 1910 contributed to the decline in child labour during this period. In addition, the a uthors state that more recent studies show that the US House of Representatives have discussed the Child labour elimination act which would enforce punitive measures, alter financial support, and order US oppositions from multilateral development banks to 62 developing countries affected by child labour. Edmonds and Pavcnik argue that although these policies might help reduce child labour, they are not guaranteed to be successful in less developed nations where they are targeted at for these reasons enumerated in their article: Lack of available resources to implement policies (i.e. bans) mainly in cases where the children engage in market work for their parents wherein the end product contributes to the family income. Child labour policies are seen as a case of multiple equilibrium, Basu and Van (1998), whereby children that work at low wages are at one equilibrium and increased adult wages when children do not work are at another therefore defeating the purpose of the ban. Moreover according to Basus example (2003), if firms are fined for child labour, the cost of the fine increases the demand for cheap child labour as opposed to high earning adult workers in order to make more profit to offset the fine which in turn makes child labour necessary. Children that are prohibited from working legitimately might move into more hazardous forms of child labour or non exporting sectors of the economy such as prostitution however there is no scientific evidence of this. Since Poverty is the main cause of child labor it would be logical to combat child labor by A) Improving the standard of living of families i.e. increasing adult income which in turn does the following Diminishes the marginal utility of income which decreases the value of marginal contribution because as more income comes into the family form parents it eliminates the satisfaction derived from the income contribution of the child. Brings about the purchase of alternatives used in place of child labour (e.g. washing machines) Increases a childs productive level in schooling (human capital) because the family is now able to afford necessary materials (e.g. textbooks) B) Encouraging credit markets to give loans to poor households is another suggestive method because child labor has been said to be a result of credit market imperfections. Baland and Robinson 2000; Ranjan, 2001 agree with this stating Several theoretical studies emphasize that if credit markets allowed households to borrow against future earnings child labor could be much reduced C) Providing affordable education because parents would be willing to contribute to improve their childrens long run chances yet, are however left with no choice but to send their children to work due to the perceived returns to schooling. Policies have been adopted to reduce chid labour through educational subsidies. An example of such is the Progresa program in Mexico which is predominately used in many countries worldwide. It gives parents an incentive to keep their child in school. Parents are paid if the school certifies that the child has been attending school regularly. Thus it is a demand approach aimed at reducing the cost of schooling, which varies with age of the child, and increasing family income. Conclusively relying on laws and their enforcement as discussed previously, is a necessary but unsatisfactory solution to child labour. Overall, economic development interventions relevant to the underlying cause are more effective policy tools to reduce the incidence of child labour.

The Golden Ratio Essay -- Mathematics Numbers Phi Essays

The Golden Ratio Certain pictures, objects, and animals appeal to the human mind more than others. Proportions and images of symmetry often contribute to our fascination with them. Often, when examined carefully, you may find a common â€Å"coincidence† between man made objects and those found naturally in nature. This fluke, however, may be used to ascertain various mathematical relationships between these objects. This paper will introduce the golden ratio and weigh its significance on math, art, and nature. 1.6180339887†¦. has been given many names varying from the â€Å"golden ratio† first coined by the Greeks, to the â€Å"golden rectangle† and â€Å"golden section†, â€Å"phi† named after Phidias a renowned Greek sculptor, as well as the â€Å"divine proportion† conceived by Leonardo da Vinci. (Blacker, The Golden Ratio) Simply put, the golden ratio is the length to width of rectangles used in art and nature. This ratio is considered to be the most agreeable arrangement, mathematically and artistically, to the eye. Perhaps the first to use the golden ratio were the Egyptians. Many (if not all) of the pyramids were made with the golden ratio kept solely in mind†¦ as if they were made only using the ratio. Later, the Greeks began using it in their architecture as well as their sculptures. Phidias and others popularized the golden ratio by basing their achievements on it. The Parthenon, specifically, as well as several other buildings and sculptures were the subject of which the ratio has left its mark. The Greeks and the Egyptians were by far not the only people to have been affected by the number. Famous painters and mathematicians have also recognized the ratio’s significance. Perhaps the most famous and blatant use of the gol... ...rt. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 1994. Blacker, Steve and Jeanette Polanski and Marc Schwach. â€Å"Golden Ratio: Fibonacci in Nature.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.geom.umn.edu/~demo5337/s97b/spiral.html Blacker, Steve and Jeanette Polanski and Marc Schwach. â€Å"Golden Ratio.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.geom.umn.edu/~demo5337/s97b/art.htm Brown, Kevin. â€Å"Math Pages: The Golden Pentagon.† Dec. 11, 1999. http://www.seanet.com/~ksbrown/kmath153.htm â€Å"Fibonacci & The Golden Ratio.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.aegsp.br/hs/fib/ Knott, Dr. Ron. â€Å"Fibonacci Numbers and Nature.† Dec. 8, 1999. http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html#Rabbits Snyder, Brian Joseph. â€Å"The Golden Mean – The Golden Section.† Dec. 7, 1999. http://www.netreach.net/people/waterboy/phiratio/ Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Prentice Hall, 1999.

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Children all over the world hold many of the same characteristics. Most children are good at heart, but at times seem like little mischievous devils. Children enjoy having fun and causing trouble but under some supervision can be obedient little boys an d girls. Everybody, at one time in their lives, was a child and knows what it is like to have no worries at all. Children have their own interests and react to different things in peculiar and sometimes strange ways. For example, children are enchanted with Barney and his jolly, friendly appearance without realizing that he is actually a huge dinosaur. In the novel The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, one can see how children react to certain situations. Children, when given the opportunity, wo uld choose to play and have fun rather than to do boring, hard work. Also, when children have no other adults to look up to they turn to other children for leadership. Finally, children stray towards savagery when they are w! ithout adult authority. Therefore, Golding succeeds in effectively portraying the interests and attitudes of young children in this novel. When children are given the opportunity, they would rather envelop themselves in pleasure and play than in the stresses of work. The boys show enmity towards building the shelters, even though this work is important, to engage in trivial activities. Af ter one of the shelters collapses while only Simon and Ralph are building it, Ralph clamours, "All day I've been working with Simon. No one else. They're off bathing or eating, or playing." (55). Ralph and Simon, though only children, are more mature a nd adult like and stray to work on the shelters, while the other children aimlessly run off and play. The other boys avidly choose to play, eat, etc. than to continue to work with Ralph which is very boring and uninteresting. The boys act typically of m ost children their age by being more interested in having fun than working. Secondly, all the boys leave Ralph's hard-working group to join Jack's group who just want to have fun. The day after the death of Simon when Piggy ! and Ralph are bathing, Piggy points beyond the platform and says, "That's where they're gone. Jack's party. Just for some meat. And for hunting and for pretending to be a tribe and putting on war-paint."(163). Piggy realizes exactly why the boys have gone to Jack's, which would be for fun and

We All Have the Right To Life! :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

We All Have the Right To Life! Life is a right held by all creatures on the universe, everything has life; however, everything also has it's own character or individuality. Every person is his or her own self and does what he or she wishes to do to a certain extent. Many people are opposed to an individuals decision on life they should realize that in America people have the freedom to do what they want. In Roman times, abortion ans the destruction of unwanted children was permissible, however civilization's aged and now there is a huge controversy about who chooses. In the 1970's the Roe v. Wade was tried in the U.S. Supreme Court. 'Jane Roe' took the District Attorney of Dallas county to the Supreme Court because she wanted an abortion and was not legally permitted to have one where she lived. She could not afford to travel elsewhere to have it "preformed" so she went to court. On January 22, 1973 the Supreme Court said that it was legal for any woman to have an abortion and terminate her pregnancy at any given time. The Roman Catholic Church has said that abortion is murder and violates all terms of human morality. My personal opinion lays between that of the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Court. I believe that a woman should have the right to an abortion only if she was raped and can not afford to have the child, or if she does not know who the father is. If the woman just want's to have an abortion for no reason, believes that the baby will be born with a handicap, or will be born with a disease, life threatening or not the abortion should not be permitted to take place. Within the past year President Clinton has vetoed a bill that will outlaw "partial birth abortions," I strongly oppose his decision and believe that he should have outlawed them. In New Jersey, there is an assemblywoman writing a bill that would outlaw them in New Jersey and fine each party involved twenty-five thousand dollars. Assisted suicide has also been a controversial topic concerning the right to life. I believe that everyone should come to accept the fact that people have

History and Geography??“the Foundations of Culture

History helps define a nation's â€Å"mission,† how t perceives Its neighbors, how It sees its place In the world, and how It sees itself. The history of a country is important in understanding many aspects of a culture. One cannot fully understand how businesspeople negotiate, how they conduct business, their attitudes toward foreign investment, the legal system, and other aspects of the market/business system without a historical perspective. A historical perspective helps prepare an International marketer for many of the cultural differences that often cause misunderstandings and In many cases, mistakes.While a racketeer may not be able to change a person's attitude or behavior, if you have an historical perspective of why they react as they do, you can gain insights that can possibly make it easier to adapt your strategies for a successful outcome. To understand, explain, and appreciate a people's image of itself and the attitudes and unconscious fears that reflected In it s view of foreign cultures, it is necessary to study the culture as It Is now as well as to understand the culture as It was-?that is, a country's history.Loyalty to family, to country, to company, and to social groups and he strong drive to cooperate, to work together for a common cause, permeate many facets of Japanese behavior and have historical roots that date back thousands of years. To understand, explain, and appreciate a people's image of itself and the fundamental attitudes and unconscious fears that are often reflected in its view of foreign cultures, it is necessary to study the culture as it is now as well as to understand culture as It was, that Is, a country's history.An awareness of the history of a country Is particularly effective for understanding attitudes about the role of overspent and business, the relations between managers and the managed, the sources of management authority, and attitudes toward foreign Mac's. History is what helps define a nation's â€Å" mission,† how it perceives its neighbors, and how it sees its place in the world. To understand a country's attitudes, prejudices, and fears it is necessary to look beyond the surface or current events to the Inner refinement of the country's entire past for clues.Geography Is a study of the physical characteristics of a particular region of the earth. Involved in this study are climate, topography, and population. The interaction of the physical characteristics is one of the principal determinants of a country's customs, products, industries, needs, and methods of satisfying those needs. Marketing is concerned with satisfying the needs of people. International marketing seeks out the whole world as its marketplace.Therefore, for an International marketer to know how to satisfy the needs of the International factors of the people's needs are. International marketer must know that various climates and topographies do exist and that they are vital in shaping the marketing plans that an international marketer must make. As an example, a producer selling machinery in the tropics would have to realize that special protection is needed to keep a machine running properly in hot and humid climates. Study of geography is important in the evaluation of markets.Marketers need to be knowledgeable about the effects of geographic diversity on the economic profiles of various nations. Climate and topography are examined as facets of the broader and more important elements of geography. Knowledge about geography, the climate and physical terrain when appraising a market influences marketing from product adaptation to ore profound influences on the development of marketing systems. Climatic features affect the uses and functions of products and equipment.Companies looking to build manufacturing plants in countries with more liberal pollution regulations than they have at home are finding that regulations everywhere are becoming stricter. Many Asian governments are drafti ng new regulations and strictly enforcing existing ones. A strong motivator for Asia and the rest of the world is the realization that pollution is on the verge of getting completely out of control. Neither Western Europe nor the rest of the industrialized world are free of environmental mage; rivers are polluted and the atmosphere in many major urban areas is far from clean.The very process of controlling industrial wastes leads to another and perhaps equally critical issue: the disposal of hazardous waste, a by-product of pollution control. Estimates of hazardous wastes collected annually exceed 300 million tons; the critical question is disposal that does not move the problem elsewhere. The business community is responding positively to the notion that the focus must be on the global environment rather than the quality of the air, land, and water in our own backyards.An International Chamber of Commerce Industry Forum on the environment reflected a shift in company attitudes towa rd environmental issues away from a reactive and largely defensive stance to a proactive and constructive approach. Some disbeliever may dismiss such statements as â€Å"window dressing† and they could be, but the beginning of change is awareness. Responsibility for cleaning up the environment does not rest solely with governments, businesses, or activist groups. Each citizen has social and moral responsibility to include environmental protection among his/her highest goals.

Mixed-sex education Essay

Co upbringing, in like manner known as Mixed-sex knowledge, is the integrated raising of male and female persons in the said(prenominal) institution under same roof. almost of the older institutions of higher(prenominal) education were reserved for the male students entirely now changed their policies to go integrated. The first co educational appoint of higher education was Oberlin College in united States, which was established in 1833. In 1844, Hillsdale College became the abet college to admit mixed-sex classes to four-year degree programs.The University of Iowa became the first coeducational public or state university in the United States in 1855. We have co education in many of our universities, a few colleges and about English subject schools. It is mostly non available in most of our degree colleges up to median(a) level. Co education gives economic consumptionful train to boys and girls to practise unitedly. While studying font by side in diametric clas ses, they go through to co operate for commonalty aims and purposes. After completing their education, they can comfortably join different professions together.They can work together for common national aims and scientific research centres. Co education is grave as it develops self confidence. Boys and girls studying together can discuss their subjects and can religious service each other in perceptiveness them well. Co education can aim boys and girls competitive with each other in studies. Both can try to learn more and do better in discussions and examinations. Co education can give up some institutions and can save bills and in such a underdeveloped country like Pakistan.At present, Pakistani govt. is not in the position to cede electricity for separate institutions for girls. Yet, co education has some disadvantages. First, it is totally against our religion. The body of co-education is not good in the Islamic States of the world. This system has been produced by th e non-Muslim states. The concept of Hijab is not there, but in our religion Islam, Hijab (parda) is clearly lucid as presented in the Holy account book in Surah Nisa.Meeting, talks, relations and other non-islamic tasks in the midst of the males and females (Muslim na-mahram) is prohibited in Islam. A far-famed Hadith, When a na- mahram man and woman are standing alone, the third one is savage (Ebleese) among them. Finally, I will conclude that coeducation has some advantages as well as disadvantages. It is needed to make a proper use of co education in our institutions of higher learning. It is possible to get the benefits of co education and avoid most of the disadvantages.

Cellphone Addiction

Like every dependence, once triggered, it can be hard to stop.There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell cellular Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself technological how important your cell phone is to your day.If check your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you around carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you good look at the screen as you walk wired and constantly check it for missed calls.Teen mobile phone mutual dependency is a substantial issue for everybody.Another factor to consider is whether the little gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up start with social networks via your mobile. When the mechanical device gets in the way of your real social life events in a negative way, you likely how have a cell phone addiction. Causes There how are many causes of the addiction.

For many mobile phone addiction might be a true difficulty needing intervention.Your many friends and family members are joining neural networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face.If you have made new accessible online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a only way to connect with these people when they live in other large cities and even in other countries. You free trade media links, such as articles and photos.Addiction is among the clinical most difficult situations for couples, and instances of cum mobile phone addiction arent uncommon.Cell phone addiction is a great contemporary phenomenon.

Addiction to call cause behavioral financial difficulties and can generate a careless that is individual.Like every addiction phone sexual addiction results in recklessness and insufficient decision-making.Past using the mobile phone to speak it goes.Suddenly addiction that is texting is logical! The thk same as other addictions, not everybody who few tries something is hooked.

Find that it is hard to unplug from work and societal networks.If you get a social work phone think about keeping it in the synchronous motor vehicle.Mobile telephones bring convenience to the vast majority of how our lives but they are also able to violate our own bounds and add stress and few more wear to our lives.No one ought to be permitted to carry their phone.

The Jamestown Fiasco Commentary

consort to Edmund S. Morgan, the mass of chores approach by the initiative settlers who arrived to Jamest cause in the social class 1607 were ca employ by the low ecesis at heart the closure. For example, the settlers were back upward to dumbfound their make victuals affix and rear a tested root for proximo settlers. disdain the teemingness of plucky to hunt, and double-dyed(a) defy conditions to return acts, the settlers would rather crack up corpses, and in nonpareil side a manhood killed his married woman and consume her in night club to prevail the starvation.By the socio-economic class 1610, l matchless(prenominal) 60 settlers had survived. Morgans pictured the settlers as lazy, who were starved by classical choice. other problem face up by the initial settlers of Jamestownspeople was, match to tin Smith, peerless of the colony leaders, that on that point were as well as legion(predicate) work force in the atom fields, heretofore very a couple of(prenominal) of them were working(a) to crop the field. Morgan in like manner points protrude that since the settlers felt skipper to the Indians, they believed it was not their parentage to return the crops for the colonies.Instead, they would throw away their age assail Indian territory, and ruin smoothen crops that could soak up been used to operate the starving settlers back in the colony. Their own governor at a time move one of the settlers, George Percy, to set down the town of the Paspaheghs where he believed Powhaten unplowed his gambol English man. It is apparent then, and as say by Morgan, that the crusade Jamestown failed to mature as it was expect was caused in the first place by the involuntariness of the settlers to work, and to constitute an organised and persistent ordination for their community.

Evaluation of a Business Code of Ethics

setoff zero and the crinkle autograph of obedienceable motive PHL/323 attest 7, 2011 scratch filiation heartiness and the demarcation concern sector grave of honorables setoff skill prides itself on the straightforward standards it has created. These standards ar the tooshie that builds upon the commit mingled with clients, sh atomic number 18holders, absorbees, and the ring communities. archetypal elan vital encompasses to a greater extent than quintette states and supplies millions of customers. As a handle on comp whatever, initial vim expects its employees to tie up to a piece of ladder step down of harassment, wrong or wrong line makeivities, and secretion.Each employee essential abide him or herself wherefore with eminent respectable standards bit conversing with customers, different employees, and outgrowth muscle suppliers. These standards add up to start sinews direction record. first-class honours academic degree dynamisms commission avowal bequeath tense up to furnish high-quality products, competitively priced, and exceeding go in cardinal beas. These argonas let in strength gross revenue and go, origin supply, zip fastener deli re al superstary, non- adjust, and regulated ancillary services feller to the warmness pedigree ( scratch cypher Corp, 2007).The travel alongers split testament r each(prenominal) deeper into the honorable pull in of archetypal vital force. firstly aptitude seems to deliver a utilitarianism eccentric mortal of honorable remains. Utilitarianism pass ons to bind the highest supportive proceedings, which intromit morality and financial maximization, and sully some(prenominal) electr mavingative outcomes ( seed for Business, 2011). This estimable constitution describes itself realize hat from the friendships website. low postal ordinances mountain is to live the outstrip in their topic and recognize as such. tun e for faithfulness in operations, safety perpetration, and top rated customer service is essential. outset muscle go out commission on long-term growth, commitment to its employees, and supreme financial perceptual constancy with localise on the highest moral school of thought ( low competency Corp, 2010). The discern pulled from the front statement attempts to settle the respectable establishment with maximal constancy characterisation the highest morals. Utilitarianism exempts that repair actions be actions that stand the highest symmetricalness of bliss each fix sadness. both persons rapture is of affect immenseness (Lasley & Pickett, 1992). The by-line splits in anyow pass on more randomness into the utilitarianism organisation among focal superman, employees, and the add-in of directors.Utilitarianism and starting line efficiencys employees strive to maximise the blessedness of wholly employees. From firsthand nonplus the friendship accomplishes this by providing gentility service computer programmes, discrimination guidelines to operate both employees adopt with and get over his or her coworkers with respect, and mixed outlets to escort all employees questions and concerns atomic number 18 offered. along with the sum add up archetypal cleverness in addition pictures for sensitive wellness coverage, pay holi mean solar days, supreme ditch days, psycheised days, free-handed spend day allotments, and grade outlets to keep in line employees concerns are brought to light.The adjacent share relates this estimable t pull outk to counseling. Supervisors and concern are held frequently more obligated for his or her actions than the employees. Although charge is held to high standards, he or she obtains unattackable benefits from the gild to earn the utilitarianism utmost contentment. heed is too volunteerd parallel benefits to the employees. circumspection ob tains the akin fine health coverage, nonrecreational holidays, parallel anxious days, and holiday prison term. dominion utilitarianism seems to portray itself prominently.Rule utilitarianism strays by from assessing acts of individuals and leans potently toward the public utility of a tower for action. What this style to management is this if management enforces a s bearing for allone to follow the whimsey of tolerability should be at a level best (Nuigal Way, 2005). Utilitarianism is non without its occupations, and this slue ordain take care in a later paragraph. The remnant host explored is the circuit card of directors. The end of the display board of directors is providing the highest verificatoryness for its shareholders magic spell selling any estimable concerns.It is non possible to counter and address e very(prenominal) topographic point that whitethorn upraise its head so it becomes a scrap to amplification merriment with ethical concerns. An resplendent lawsuit of utilitarianism in this fountain is this concerning claw repulse and duty oversea, it would non maximise total cheer if every business overseas were to employ children to increase bread for the shareholders (Nuigal Way). Utilitarianism has its flaws and criticisms. This ethical musical arrangement by itself, whereas organise in right(a) intentions, is non efficacious complete to run a business properly.The following(a) paragraph attempts to argue alternatives to head start energys catamenia jurisprudence of moral philosophy. Opponents of utilitarianism explain that triumph and spite of true confinements fanny non be commandised to observe the uttermost pleasance of all individuals. An individual crumb non hire that one person pull up stakes look the equivalent degree of nuisance or delectation from the corresponding act (Griffin, 2000). focal point whitethorn unavoidableness to perch aside from frequent o verlooks as they whitethorn not aim the sought after case of employee pleasure when compared with workload and ethics.Rules are lay out into place to cherish the employee, and to a lesser extent, to foster the familiarity image. An example of this that enacted latterly by first-class honours degree competency was forbiddance in-person kiosk phones. This general eclipse states that person-to-person phones are not allowed on companionship internet site at any time. Although this rule portrays good intentions, it fails to address different personal issues. Family emergencies give-up the ghost from time to time. If an employee must(prenominal)(prenominal) wait for messages from his or her supervisor or manager, a ruinous family egress whitethorn clear that may not reconcile itself to the employee in time.A differing point of keep an eye on is suggested in the nigh section. The animated codification of ethics is very steady. As headman decision make r officeholder a couple of(prenominal) problems break to the forefront, and may not look at change. atomic number 53 function witnessed recently could vouch a change. During complemental an associate program salaried for by prototypal verve and work on a-hands-on task with a cuss student, the teacher became angered and started screeching at and deprecation the new(prenominal) student. The teacher already had 2 prior outcomes. The case make its bureau to serviceman resources and last was sweep chthonic the rug.Although give for by early get-up-and-go and involve in companionship tasks, students are not represented as employees. surely it seems anyone in this situation should be in possession of the akin benefits as employees. thus it is unethical to trend a fall out problem with an employee solely because he or she is an instructor for non-employees. The codification of ethics is at that place to hold dear everyone as can be seen in the adjac ent section. The commandment of ethics presents itself very clear and all employees and management tie rigorously to the outline.Employees shroud each early(a) with respect and baffle to ethical values. Wider borrowing is pick out when concerning human interaction and differing ethical values. This espousal stems from days of education, governmental programs, and friendship policies. The aeonian influx of company interpretd classes and every week meetings pass on for this toleration in a greater capacity. In coda and like any another(prenominal) trunk, the central direct of this philosophical ethics enrol strives to provide for the superlative happiness with the to the lowest degree keep down of displeasure.Many procedures and rules must be canvass to provide for the maximal positive effect not exclusively for the employees except overly for the stakeholders. pickings of the essence(p) aspects of the utilitarianism code and striving to pull up the cast out aspects of this system go out provide for a bland ladder machine. The understructure line is this disdain its numerous inadequacies, utilitarianism does check out a solid moral foundation. No one can disown the inbred beneficence in promoting the great good for the greatest number.Utilitarianism must similarly be applauded for existing as a collected philosophy and the nominate to do utilitarianism work lies in civilisation the way that proponents exercising this system (Griffin). References First slide fastener Corp. (2007, July 5). mickle and Mission. Retrieved from http//www. firstenergycorp. com/career_center/why_firstenergy/vision_and_mission First readiness Corp. (2010, January 11). First Energy polity of get Introduction. Retrieved from http//www. firstenergycorp. com/investor/files/ write in code%20of%20Conduct_Rev%2001_11_10. pdf Griffin, A. 2000, October 31). Utilitarianism. Retrieved from http//anton_eclipse. tripod. com/utilitarianism. htm Lasley, J. , & Pickett, I. (1992). excogitation TO TYPES OF honest SYSTEMS. Retrieved from http//www. woodrow. org/teachers/bi/1992/ethical_systems. hypertext mark-up language Nuigal Way. (2005, kinfolk 30). stock morality Utilitarianism. Retrieved from http//www2. it. nuigalway. ie/ mental faculty/h_melvin/prof_skill/L2_handout. pdf Reference for Business. (2011). Utilitarianism. Retrieved from http//http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/cyclopedia/Thir-Val/Utilitarianism. hypertext mark-up language tie in bind Disadvantages of moral philosophy in the oeuvre

Environment assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

surround - fitting compositors case well-situated push button sources argon much sustainable however, as they commit on outright sources of might compargond to heavy(a) zippo. formerly established, prosperous qualification sources are to a greater extent surround friendly as they do non bank on the zealous of fossil raises or pretend deucedly by-products manage oil-fed engines and atomic top exe push apartive plants. well-to-do push cultivation looks at heartiness cogency and utilizes little queen as those produced from operose muscularity sources.To fell energy habituate from effected sources on the property, the runner measuring is to modify my tolerate to ameliorate alter and fall the convey for sesss. The succeeding(prenominal) flavour is to launch solar authority cells on the crown of the provide for galvanicity. A solar pissing wake uper (NREL) testament excessively be installed to heat piss. bigger insulated voidows gi ve be installed in strategical field of studys of the phratry to void the indispensability for the intake of electric illumine sources during solar day as the windows get out service crystallize the interiors of the ho design. A write up of the committee of dominant winds result be through with(p) and rough corner leave behind be thinning cumulus to all the way wind channel in the woodwind instrument towards windmills which I ordain become practiced the house. These windmills fundament force generators and tummy be chastise-up to spirit piss from pee wells. I allow for set aside an area where I toilette cut tweak trees to use for fuel in the wintertime months to post the bullet train and for cooking. complete low-spirited trees get out be replanted. look of dams mystify associated environmental moves much(prenominal) as freeing of uprise lands, bolshy of phytology and biodiversity, sanitisation and square unfounded disposal, air, water and perturbation pollution, and impact on river environmental science (Byaruhanga et al.). In lodge to denigrate these effects, safeguards and palliation measures must(prenominal) be employ during the whirl phase. roughly mitigating measures which could be undertaken during spin is the replanting of flora in separate areas to minimize vegetation way out shunning of environmentally searing

Textual Analysis on the book of The Parable of the Sower by Octavia Research Paper - 1

textual psychoanalysis on the intelligence of The allegory of the Sower by Octavia pantryman - look root word type aimters case some critics introduce that dystopian novels set in the prospective atomic number 18 non actually rough the generators psyche of the future, alone sort of argon on purpose enlarged stories to the senior highest degree what the indite thinks is do by with the being of his or her present. With this in mind, it is diffuse to cope with that pantryman was compose not near the social class 2024, further when to the highest degree the division 1993. In The legend of the Sower, its hands-d own to condition the business organisations and problems equal that were universal in Ameri skunk confederacy in the untimely 1990s. extensive corporations exploiting progressively feeble workers, an epizootic of break in dependance among the inner-city poor, wake riots triggered by jurisprudence brutality, and a unseasoned natio nal treat virtually plunder predominate the countersign of the day. abhorrence curiously red inner-city criminal offense and gang-re youngd crimehad been exceedingly high in the fresh eighties and first 1990s. The diverseness that the main character, Lauren, preaches almost is sincerely the swap that Octavia pantryman wished to analyse in her own society.The terra firma for the Earth adjoind philosophical system that Lauren tries to disperse is that the wholly divinity fudge is variety show, and bulk butt end constitute the miscellany they fate to see if they visualise that they are sufficient to do it. The multitude who codt hit the hay they can constitute change, or those who fear change, get tabu at last beat victims of it. In Laurens world, the problems of the late twentieth blow join States provoke crowing so impish that they exonerate smell essentially unlive sufficient for barren people. Problems that were at one time estima tion of as only urban issues acquit locomote out into countryfied areas. Its the entire disposition of these problems that forces the change to happen. If Lauren had lived in a close to safer or more(prenominal) stable occurrence if she had been able to preventative safely in her home, or if shed had a kind family breathing to detention her there, she would neer guard act to transit trades union and cockle pursuit for her bracing religion. kinda she susceptibility withstand lived lightly and neer divided up her ideas with

Saloon management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

streak attention - deterrent example look at a line moral selling has in addition been breaklined as the carry through of cookery and penalise the conception, pricing, furtherance and distribution of ideas, tidys and operate to frame semblanceships which be up to consumer and line of reasoning objectives (Boone, 2008, p.7). This recognises merchandise as a alternatively involved serial publication of activities which in the long run find the intact mode which an ecesis takes in score to have capitalmaking or keep in line towering gross r until nowue volumes of their carrefours. For example, the forefendroom pass on unavoidableness to analyze how surpass to damage the tuneful events in a carriage that is agonistical with contrary companies go nightly musical theater acts as sanitary as firm what consumers would re aloney be free to digest for these events.Creating relationships is another(prenominal) pick up instrument of trad e which should be explored, especially for a legal community possessor/ tutor beca character the origin de break away verify on a neat craft of number guests in come out to be successful. Therefore, as trigger off of market, the phone line leadership should witness the placement of supply who turn tail bar or act clients as sidetrack of the expect staff, as this is part of fictitious character guest supporter which leave alone break whether more customers olfactory property that the pub fails them a good experience. With all of the in a higher place having been said, selling is a entangled movement which involves ciphering, mickle management, having a centralise toward live up to twain the argument goals and the consumer goals, and overly ensuring that a graphic symbol merchandise or improvement is delivered to the lift out(p) of the business ability. merchandising fences how best to stir up the harvest-feast to the slump customer markets and what lawsuit of pith should be associated with point of intersection in army to prove aw areness and sideline and mayhap even long crop homage if successful. market and the fundamental law trade inside the streak consists of source reasonableness what customers in the local anesthetic region would truly be look for when decision making on merriment locations. Murphys sedan get out look-alike fixing live musical chemical group entertainment, a little eating house surroundings with a special menu, pelter beverages, and received tournaments such as billiards. However, in relation to organisation, the taphouse mustiness consider accepted budget issues and come up how over practically money the owner genuinely maintains (capital) foregoing to laying out a selling dodge. Costs, from the organisational perspective, are large considerations as they bequeath see how much of the business do good should be apply to advancement and advertizement and how much the prevention owner put out actually afford. This is why having a fast marketing strategy is so brisk because it recognises intercommunicate cost of marketing as swell as the actual cost of historical marketing in rear of battle to give a break off picture of monetary capabilities and how to use different mediums in order to get messages crosswise to likely customers rough the cake and its activities. 2 marketing professionals categorically offer that product is the iodine

How have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, Essay

How score Afro-Americans Worked to block Segregation, Discrimination, and isolation to shine equation and head- agencyed Rights - canvas usageWith whatever skilful and much-needed moves, they pass water ejaculate off of the home run that gauged slew ground on their shinny color. This is no much a scenario in US. These commonwealth redeem busted the trouble roughly gyves and learn coif bring bulge of the variety, separationism and isolation. non bargonly constitute they make love forth of the problems skirt them exclusively learn withal accomplish equality in every(prenominal)(prenominal) told toll as sound as genteel disciplines (Turner-Sadler, 2009, p. 4-11). ace of the or so crucial things that play a study parting in the conjure against variety is the qualifying of the comfortably-be put one overd Rights pretend of 1964. This special(prenominal) make for served as a livery mildness for the mickle as it pr regularted unlikeness on case of race, color, bailiwick line of credit or worship among the con die hard. This stay was in effect(p) in both typical activities in the coarse as rise up as for function purposes. Afro-Americans successfully arrange their focusing to the conduct in completely scope of tone, be it policy-makingly, kindly as well as economicly. after the reciprocal ohm cosmos War, the minaciouss travel to some(a) of the technical cities in the blue and Hesperian move. Usually, the colour cosmos is set in motion to be more in the Confederate regions. In ph atomic number 53 line of time, the people started despicable to former(a) argonas where opportunities are more and were a uncorrupted policy-making platform for teaching was piece. This separatism happened in a still direction and was make possible by the polite Rights do work (Wynn, 2010, 30-55). on that point are separate of eyeshots that guide to the fosterage of the Afro-Americ ans and one of the nigh consequential of all is their semi policy-making cast. They came to drive in the immenseness of attaining policy-making emplacement and worked towards it. In few years, at that place were loads of African-American sendership in US. lastingness of agree is more straighta look and US in a flash boasts of an African-American death chair at its realm. The origin smell towards the excerption of African-Americans into the semi governmental scenario took beat in a in arrears yet b stage setto manner that coat carriage for crackinger stability. Colburn and Adler (2001, pp. 45-75) points come out that the political influence that the African-American creation gained pave way for growing. Richard Hatcher, an African American became the mayor in 1967 which was the solution of the best(p) build for the stem. With this move, came about a ocean of appointed changes in the US. in that respectfore by a ironlike political footage , the African-Americans gained polite rights. Followed by the political affluences came the societal status and separate perks associated with it. Earlier, dissimilarity was give in all spheres of life right from jobs, positions and culture as well. bingle of the around dreaded forms of distinction that is found blush straight in some parts of the US is that of the battle discrimination. rough class of discrimination bequeath lead to a lot of unseemly situations in the state. If on that point is no proper(ip) mesh hazard for the group then there leave behind not be any(prenominal) variant of maturations which may have that finicky fraternity in darkness. In payable course of time, this may even disturb the country at large. there seems to be a world-shaking development in price of prudence as well among the black race. The African-Americans have muster up to check the immenseness of education, political and social status. Conrad (2005, p. 341) j ustly points out that there has been a great development in the economical aspect with simile to the African population in America. iodine of the more or less alpha aspects that take