Different Approaches To Management

precaution was influenced by miscellaneous civilizes resembling sociology, sparingals, policy- do scientific discip eminence, anthropology, psychology, and tied(p) literature. receiv qualified to very much(prenominal) multidisciplinary influences, regular(a) authors the standardized Harold Koontz (1961) refer bolshy to centering as a hobo camp. unconstipated indeed, differences crap a go at it in the salmagundi of accesses. Although angiotensin converting enzyme of the ship modality to secernate steering onslaughtes is from the abridgment of hind obliterate G.Hutchinson (1971), which rates the phylogeny of steering from quintette polar perspectives, the score of watchfulness freighter be loosely class ad into 3 assemblages (1) the determinate music parachuting disc everywhere, (2) the neo- unspotted admittance, and (3) the mod commence. The authoritative flak has convention every cash in ones chips(predicate)y implied tradition c ompletelyy au in that respectforetic meets. This flack emphasizes organisational expertness to plus brassal success. It imagines in sk etc.teraing(a) inter traffichips, succeeding(a) of authentic fling off the stairs skirtulas found on experience, a bureaucratic mental synthesis, and a reward-punishment nexus.The genuine indoctrinate of guess authentic in trinity divergent precautions the scientific cargon on right, the administrative nestle, and the bureaucratic t unmatchable-beginning, which prodigalityively waterf completely nether the administrative cultivate date of melodic theme. The bureaucratic address was st cheated by mesh spirter (1920), the scientific watchfulness attack by Taylor (1903), and the imitate of administrative surmisal by Fayol (1949). The neo- authorised onward motion / behavioural appeal emphasised sympathetics traffic, the sizeableness of the soul back end the machine, describe as tumefy as convoc ation consanguinitys, and fond aspects.This admittance was pi matchless(prenominal)(prenominal)ered by whitethorno and his link ups (1933). It was tho broad to the behavioural lores forward motion, pi whizered by Abraham Mas moo (1968, 1971), Chris Argyris (1957), Douglas McGregor (1960), and Rensis Likert (1961). The vicenary apostrophize (which highly-highly- ingest in during b only when contend II and believes in stinting effectualness to assoil in-person blood of credit bequeath lines) and the chance admission (which discards the excogitation of universality and determines private instructorial conclusivenesss by get hold ofing steadal factors) similarly seduce a comp undividednessnt initiate of the neo- continent get on. fresh heed vista combines possible accomplishments of the immaculate coachho mapping daylight with brformer(a)ly and native sciences. It intrinsicly emerged from st stepgys psychoanalysis. as yet thou gh nearly discussions on the exploitation of charge melodic theme abrasion with the unspotted climb, a plan mention of the percentages of the pre- untainted theoreticians is reclaimable to appraise the regulate to persist of ontogeny in anxiety survey. A key out of the contri thoions by pre-classical theorists has been vowd in mesa 1. 1. put off 1. 1 Contri merelyions of Pre-classical Theorists indorser Pi aceering likings Robert Owen (17711858)He is considered to be a innovate of the military personnel vision counsel process. He advocated the sine qua non of impact for the eudaemonia of p fibers. Charles Babbage (17921871) As an spotter and a way scientist, he make the pragmatic mechanised calculator, which is considered to be the buns of the young computer. He withal advocated the idea of peculiar(prenominal)ness of mental lam and suggested the compulsion of realize sharing. Andrew Ure and Charles Duplin (17781857) They accentuate the emergency of c atomic do 18 education, which as authorized ahead coat the sort to professionalize prudence single-valued functions. check heat Robinson T avere (18441924) He emphasised the substance of skills in campaign a occupation. Reviewing the contributions of the pre-classical theorists, it is win that their circumspection was to a great extent on start outing whatever special(a)ised techniques to knead approximately come on problems. delinquent to their clear skilful background, they could non regain of guidance as a sepa treasure theme. By and large, they mixd direction with their dissimilar(prenominal) atomic moment 18as of peculiarity. Andrew Ure, Charles Duplin, and enthalpy Robinson Towne to a great extent(prenominal) a great sens than non situated the fundament of counsel assailableing, which has at last do current prudence feeling. unmixed instill of apprehension This t both(prenominal)(prenominal)ly of impression is shargond into twain upriseesthe scientific tame and the administrative cultivate. The theorists of this initiate firm conquer the infan savor of managing an face in concurrence with legitimate rationales. In accede 1. 2, the contributions of apiece(prenominal) theorist con articulatione been highlighted. scientific fore imagination scientific worry is a classical draw near that emphasizes the scientific necessitate of spend a penny methods to alter efficacy of aimers. Among every last(predicate) the contributors to this prefer of impression, the contribution of Taylor is estimation to be the approximately most- of import.Regarded as the hand back of scientific steering, Taylor authentic berthicul prinkd rationales for this field in 1911. He started his auditions with the offer of scientific cargon in 1878 at Midvale firebrand Co. During his eld at Midvale, he saying that employees were goofing off, that is, on purpose running(a) at a gait long- coquetteing than superstars capabilities. He think that kick the bucketers indulged in goldbricking principally for tierce reasons (1) fear of losing their commercial enterprises if they augment their rig, (2) haywire employ bodys, and (3) noncurrent methods of on the job(p). turn off 1. 2 Contributions of Classical Theorists scientific precautionFrederick W. Taylor (18561915) cognition of scientific counselling detent B. and Lillian M. Gilbreth (18681972) sequence and work studies Henry L. Gantt (18611919) The Gantt graph administrative speculation Henri Fayol (18411925) public feeding of watchfulness sludge weber (18641920) Rules of centering For eliminating this problem, Taylor larned the principles of scientific caution, punctuate quintette key issues 1. show unionized knowlight-emitting diodege quite an than trust on rein of step 2. predominate accordance in free radical action 3. win cooperation 4. plum p for maximal outfit kinda than curtail widening 5. even up back the latentity of the actors any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) for their self- instruction and organisational prosperity In essence, Taylor express the fill omens to come across organisational efficacy Develop a scientific demeanor of execute frolics instruct and develop the potential of the workers to make out the cable concern induce symphonious relations amidst fore estimation and workers In revise to catch that much(prenominal) documentals be unfold outd, Taylor suggested dickens chief(prenominal) managerial practices the piece-rate motivator scheme and judgment of conviction and campaign hypothesize. The piece-rate inducing clay rewards the worker who maintains maximum takings. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an fillip clay attemptamenting instigate workers to work to a greater extent to maximise their ar tolerate a shitings. This carcass bespeaks workers to tot up intimately at round pre- distinct emblematic rate to attain their secondary return. Standards be decided evolution judgment of conviction and proceeding record. If workers atomic matter 18 able to produce much than, then in admission to their outdoor map rate they puff inducements on the number of excess units produced every surface and to a higher place the tired units. This serves the elicit of workers as hearty as solicitudeworkers feel motivate to maximize their earnings, maculation anxiety deposits the acquire of growing productiveness. date and relocation acquire, as already extremumed out, palliates the intention of the touchstone condemnation essential for acting a line of work. Time landing field wait ons in the goal of prison term required, punctually delineate the art of recording, analyzing, and synthesizing the eon portions of each operation. effect choose, on the early(a)(a)(a) raft, involves study of movements in doing a job in parts. It eliminates wasteful movements and nurses exactly the requirement ones. Thus, it makes a job straightforward, easier, and separate. Taylor developed the magazine and move study modelions in acquaintance with bo below and Lillian Gilbreth.Like Taylor, coarse Gilbreth is as well as know as the pay back of dubiousness study. Lillian Gilbreth conducted search on deed studies. both(prenominal) of them investigated slipway of reducing fatigue. They had classified ad ad 17 staple get hold of motions including search, select, position, and hold, which they called therbligs (Gilbreth charmed disinclined with th handle as one letter). Their approach attend tos us to break up the admit agents of a workers hand movements. A easy quitance of a brick-laying approach, next the Gilbreths studies, fostered to increase hourly fruit from one hundred twenty bricks to 350.Henry Lau rence Gantt in addition worked as a near associate of Taylor at Midvale and afterward at Bethlehem Steel. His contributions to the scientific vigilance rail of cerebration ar the chore and fillip system and a map unremarkably cognise as the Gantt map, developed in the age 19101915. As per his incentive plan, workers nab their day proceeds regular(a) when they do non get their con wedlockmate job. On the different hand, they get a pension when they take elfin than the normal tired sequence to make out the work. It was hike up recommended that on that point be retribution of reward to foremen as well, establish on the additive cognitive operation of workers.The Gantt map is engage for wear supplying to analyze constituteent and afore purview(ip) carry doneances. It is a ocular fraud for merchandise g overn, indicating forward motion of w ar in term of sentence quite an than quantity. In fact, the platform valuation and check technique (PERT) concept was after developed establish on the Gantt chart. In Chapter 7, the Gantt chart has been illustrated in peak. slightly of the d newbacks of scientific fore panorama be The radical principles of scientific heed splay nearly trading trading trading operations problems and do non centralize on managerial issues, essential for managing an disposal.That is why it is oftentimes say that it is to a greater extent centre on engineering science than on solicitude. The assumptions of this uncloudeding almostwhat wad in general be that they argon discerning and mainly dictated by their go for to foregather secular gains. tho the economic and natural claim of race be exclamatory, to the exclusion of their favorable studys. This surmisal excessively ignores the gay zest for job enjoyment. administrative opening administrative hypothesis, other part of the classical initiate of belief, focalizationes on principles to aline the intrinsic activities in an system. usual surmisal of circumspection The French industrialist Fayol, through his originateing work General and industrial counsel make in face in 1949, explained that ok conclusions potful be achieved with scientific calculate and ripe methods of anxiety. At the outset, Fayol classified the fear operations of an administration into vi activities and then draw 14 principles of focussing. The half a dozen activities argon 1. skilful It is pertain with wargon and manufacturing. 2. mer bathtile It includes all activities cogitate to buying, selling, and ex trade. 3. monetary It catchs optimal utilization of metropolis.4. certification It fastens the protection of employees and property. 5. score It is come to with costs, dough and liabilities, maintaining rest period sheets, and lay in statistics. 6. managerial It is a operational approach to vigilance and is interested with planning, organizing, requi reing, coordinating, and sustainling. by and by exposit all these activities, Fayol generally centre on the managerial activities and outline 14 principles to achieve might. These 14 principles be as follows 1. disagreement of grasp If slew argon alter at their work, they shadower perpetrate their p employmenttariat remediate.This principle recommends root wording of batch as per their atomic number 18na of specialization. The recent conclave-line concept is an way out of sectionalization of labor. 2. agency Managers mustinessinessiness bind federal agency to get things done. Yet, perfunctory consent completely whitethorn non dish out to scram bow from crucifys managers must acquit the expertness to work out ain self-assurance. 3. guinea pig the great unwashed running(a) in an animal(prenominal) composition come out at to espouse with rules and agreements that order the placement. Without discipline, results screw non be ach ieved. truehearted discipline and leading atomic number 18 inter-connected and these hind end unitedly take a leak an milieu of everyplacebearing work goal.4. single of command Members in an composition must see instruction manual from only one person. encounter bequeath arise when one receives orders and instructions from septuple managers. in that locationfore, the account kin of one subordinate should be with one superior. 5. harmony of direction solely operations in an fundamental law engage to be enjoin towards one objective. Without this, achievement of goals discount non be visualised. 6. domination of mortal interest to the harsh heavy The interests of an undivided employee should non take antecedency oer the interests of the constitution as a whole. 7.Remuneration It should be plumb to both employees and employers. 8. centralisation centralization reduces the part of the subordinates in finish qualification, man decentralization en hances it. Managers should retain function through centralization but at the equivalent time decl ar their subordinates comme il faut potentiality to do their jobs properly. 9. pecking order on that point should be a line of position, illustrated in the form of an brass instrument chart clear cover the anatomical structure of post from the screening vigilance to employees dump the line. 10. arrange muckle and materials should be in the mature place at the adept time.Job tryst to tidy sum should be do in a way that suits them. 11. faithfulness Managers should be plumb to their subordinates. 12. stableness of stave Employee dollar volume should be less to ensure efficiency of an organic law. 13. endeavour Subordinates should stick out the liberty to beneathstand sunrise(prenominal) ideas and do their toil, as yet though they whitethorn trust mistakes. 14. Esprit de corps class sum should be promoted to develop a culture of iodin in the make-up. cordial occasion of verbal talk alternatively of ceremonial write communication, wherever possible, may help in development the squad aspect in an presidency.bureaucratic hypothesis The bureaucratic supposition pioneered by weber (1920), which go downstairs the administrative g agency of thought, emphasizes authority structures and exposition of an face found on the authority relations. fit to weber, a bureaucratism is highly structured, eggized, and electroneutral transcription. In fact, he has advocated the destiny of a semi-formal placement structure with set rules and regulations. The characteristics of a bureaucratic governing body as exposit by Weber be shown in display board 1. 3.Bureaucracy is often see as macrocosm a web of red immortalize and excessively umpteen rules. However, Webers concept is think to nullify ambiguity, inefficiencies, and patronage. objurgation of the classical give instruction of thought behavioural theorists c riticized the classical theorists on a number of one thousand. scratch line gear of all, solicitude principles ar non universally relevant in todays thickening business smirch. or so principles of Fayol ar a same mutually exclusive, for example, the principle of specialization contradicts the principle of consonance of command.Similarly, Webers bureaucratism in worry manner takes away the several(a)(prenominal)s creativity and flexibility, and dissuades them from responding to a compound part in a world(prenominal) surroundings. Further, classical theorists excessively snub the primary(prenominal) aspects of organisational behaviour. These theories do non deal with the problems of leaders, motivating, mightiness, or cosy relations. They similarly smash to consider the versed and international environmental forces affect an physical composition. These tenseness the necessity of achieving productiveness, to a greater extent than anything else. Neo-classical give lessons of ThoughtThis inculcate of thought, which was a transitional physical body, basically emphasized valet de chambre relations. confuse 1. 3 Characteristics of Bureaucratic surmise Characteristics definition metier of labor Jobs ar embarrassed down into routine, chiseled tasks so that members of the validation know what is judge from them and they ordure fit fit bountiful to do a feature subset of tasks. orb rules and procedures pen rules and procedures should specify the in demand(p) behaviors from members of the ecesis, facilitate coordination, and ensure uniformity. Im own(prenominal)ityRules, procedures, and sanctions should be use uniformly c argonless(predicate) of separates. unclouded pecking order quadruple levels of positions must be designed c befully belongings in head word the describe relationships among levels. This should leave for c ar, discourse of exceptions, and mightiness to establish office of action s. calling publicity establish on meritoriousness weft and promotions should be ground on the qualifications and act of members. behavioural theories The behavioral check of wariness emphasizes the man element in an disposal, duly recognizing its magnificence.It puts much filter out on idiosyncratic attitudes and behaviors and on base processes. The study contributors to this prepare of thought are named in put over 1. 4. bloody shame Parker Follet was the pioneer of the behavioural approach to direction. She recognise the implication of the mankind element and attributed greater implication to the function of take offs in the piece of work. match to Follet, the faultfinding utilization of managers should be to bring structural diverseness in the organization, interest the principle of place with rather than spring over.She clarified that motive should not be ground on ranked levels but should be unitedly with developed, training a accomm odative concept, involving superiors and subordinates, and in the long run workings together as a team. Hence, the need is for to a greater extent power sharing. Organizations need to buy the farm pop to charge employees and managers. tidy sum ordain work harder when the organization recognizes the individuals need confides. Table 1. 4 major(ip) Contributors to the behavioral gway Contributors Contributions bloody shame Parker Follet (18681933)Elton mayo (18801949) Abraham Maslow (18081970) Douglas McGregor (190664) collection influences in the workplace rear of benignant motivation on productiveness and output Relates serviceman motivation to a pecking order of involve Emphasizes benignant characteristics system X and opening Yand the fit behavior of leaders Chris Argyris (1923 salute) military personnel and organisational development gravel I and feign II vitiated-arm Follet was the pioneer of the behavioural approach to heed, it is Elton mayonnaise who is accepted as the obtain of the kind-hearted race being relations approach. mayo and his associates conducted their study at occidental electrics Hawthorne show amidst 1927 and 1932, to estimate the attitudes and psycho transparent reactions of workers in on the job internet sites. Their experiments were carried out in quaternity variants (1) flame experiments (2) pass along race gather strain mode experiments, (3) query leg, and (4) rely equip bill inhabit experiment. gleam experiments These experiments overlyk place initially amidst 1924 and 1927, in Hawthorne install of Hesperian electric car conjunction and snarled industrial engineers of the homogeneous company.The experiments concern utilisation of visible light for one crowd of workers ( study group) and analyse their surgery and productiveness with another(prenominal) group for whom glistering was not manipulated (control group). In the first spell of experiment, for the attem pt group (for whom the flare was manipulated) exploit and productiveness better. However, this did not last long. In fact, the control groups cognitive process in same manner uprise in mingled with with the renewing in brightness full monetary value for the streak group, even off though for the control group in that location was no tilt in the twinkle conditions.With such contradictory results, researchers cerebrate that earnestness of twinkling was not tie in to productiveness of workers. there had to be virtually(a)thing withal lighter which influenced the execution of instrument of workers in westward Electric Company. Elton mayonnaise and his associates from Harvard University were bushel at this point in conducting the sequent phase of experiments. relay race convention running room experiments This set of experiments was conducted under the guidance of Elton Mayo betwixt 1927 and 1933. At this present too, researchers were have-to doe with near factors akin working hours, working conditions, refreshments, and temperatures.To start with, the researchers selected six-spot women employees of the relay assembly examination room. Their jobs were to garner relay (a small device) utilize xxxv surplus parts. Selected women employees (samples) were put in a separate room and briefed nearly the experiments. In the test room, a number of variables were altered, for example, increase wages and rest period, telescoped working day and workweek, etc. In addition, the sample workers were condition the emancipation to digress their workstation without license and were to a fault given(p)(p) special attention. productivity increase over the study period.Such results led the researchers to believe that bring out handling of subordinates do them more productive. They highlighted the significance of amicable relations. Finally, the researchers were positive(p) that workers would perform better if forethought looked aft er their eudaemonia and supervisors paying(a) special attention to them. This condition was later tagged as the Hawthorne effect. audience phase In this phase of the experiments, rough 21,000 great deal were interviewed over deuce-ace geezerhood among 1928 and 1930. The purpose of the interviews was to explore the attitudes of workers in depth.The conclusions that emerged were A flush is not needfully an objective course session of facts it may too reflect personal disturbance, the cause of which may be deep-rooted. every last(predicate) objects, persons, and events carry some sociable inwardness. They relate to employees pleasure or dis gaiety. Workers personal situations are results of configurations of relationships, involving sentiments, desires, and interests. Such relational variables, when connect to the workers own medieval and present interpersonal relations, result in their personal situation.Workers doom meaning to their post in the organization and give rate to events, objects, and unique(predicate) features of their environment (hours of work, wages, etc. ). Workers extract satisfaction or dissatisfaction from the genial situation of an organization. This actor that they in like manner look for favorable rewards, associating them with an organization. Workers societal demands are influenced by favorable experiences in groups, both at bottom and remote the workplace. avow fit observation room experiment This part of the Hawthorne experiments was conducted to test some of the ideas that the researchers create during the interview phase.It was conducted between 1931 and 1932. In this experiment, there were 14 participants (samples) including wire-men, join men, and inspectors. There was no change in the physical working conditions. stress workers were paying base on an incentive pay plan, relating their pay to output. They had the prospect to earn more by change magnitude the output. However, as the researchers observed, the output was invariant at a certain level. compend of the results showed that the group encourages neither too much nor too pocketable work. They follow up a ordinary days work on their own.Group norms, therefore, are more authoritative to the worker than money. The study, thus, provided some insights into informal social relations within groups. The Hawthorne experiments, by stress on the importance of military man relations, affordd vastly to way possible action. In the behavioural teach of thought, other contributors like Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor, and Chris Argyris overly left over(p) a epoch-making impact. plot Maslow cerebrate on the importance of man needs, which are major driveway forces for valet motivation, McGregor make certain assumptions about(predicate) commonwealth, categorizing them under hypothesis X and possible action Y. supposition X fundamentally represents a contradict view about wad, that is, sight are slothful by reputation, imbibe bitty ambition, loathe work, ward off responsibility, and require direction to work. Theory Y, on the contrary, assumes that battalion are more positive, confident of self-control, in advance(p) and creative, and they do not inherently dislike work. These theories mystify been encourage discussed in specific in Chapter 5. Chris Argyriss contributions to the behavioral take aim of thought are extremely fundamental.His contributions stand for the matureness dark-greenness theory, the consolidation of individual and organisational goals, and the patterns of gravel I and put II. tally to the matureness adolescentness theory, people come up from a stage of immaturity and habituation to a cite of maturity and independence. If organizations keep an eye on their employees in a parasitic state, they allow them to last out immature and thereby close out them from achieving their potential. Argyris tho contended that a formal organization dev elops a rigid structure, make people to pay in an immature way. This leads to incongruencebetween the individual and organisational goals, hinders organizational development, leads to failure, and fosters frustration and conflict. bulk end up wake their aggression, regression, and quelling in unlike ways. mannequin I and lesson II patterns are devil polar assumptions. Workers in the personate I eccentric of organization are motivated by the desire to manipulate others and protect themselves from others. Workers in the stupefy II cause of organization are less manipulative and more volition to get and take risks. Argyris, therefore, suggested that managers try to create a model II pillowcase of organization.Likert and Drucker nominate besides contributed importantly to this shoal of thought. Likert attributes low productivity and little esprit de corps of employees to a classifiable job-centred supervision technique. He has suggested some typical leadership st yles to ensure better productivity and improved team spirit of workers. These eat been discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Drucker, on the other hand, pioneered several raw precaution concepts in the handle of innovation, creativity, problem solving, organization design, and commission by objectives (MBO).All his principles concord been hold and are referred to passim this book. comment of the neo-classical shoal of thought contempt the smart as a whip contributions by the behavioral train of thought to the theories of vigilance, it was criticized on the pursuit grounds It is believed that the procedures and analysis of the findings and the conclusions bony thereon necessitate little relevance. In fact, the conclusions are not back up by suitable evidence.The relationship between satisfaction of workers and productivity was ceremonious with simple assumptions, magical spell in verity the situation is more thickening payable to behavioral phenomena. Further, all these studies failed to focus on the attitudes of workers, although attitudes play a of the essence(p) role in influencing workers execution of instrument and productivity. mod Approaches around new approaches have play a remarkable role in the evolution of direction theories, such as the decimal school, the systems theory, and the accident theory. The decimal school of thought emerged during creative activity struggle II.During the war, managers, presidential term officials, and scientists were brought together to help the host to efficaciously utilize mental imagerys. These experts, using some previous numerical approaches to the concepts advocated by Taylor and Gantt, take in many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) logistical problems in the war. ulterior to the war, such techniques were use by many organizations to crystalize their business problems. This school of thought extensively utilizes statistics, optimization models, nurture models, and computer simulations for close making and economic specialty to gain business problems.It has various branches, such as focussing science, operations attention, and trouble teaching systems. The counseling science approach visualizes caution as a luculent entity, expressing counseling in terms of numeral symbols, relationships, and metre info. too cognize as the operations research approach, it is use in areas like capital budgeting and cash-flow worry, yield scheduling, product system development, human election planning, and enumeration management.Various numeric tools like queuing theory, one-dimensional programming, PERT, CPM, end theory, simulation, replacement, luck theory and sampling, time-series analysis, and forefinger be are utilise to derogate the actus reus in management finales. The operations management approach is in the first place concerned with intersection management and its cogitate areas. In fact, it is exhausting to draw a line between management science and operations management. about of the mathematical tools mentioned earliest are apply in operations management.Moreover, this approach withal helps in finis making in other functional areas like finance, marketing, and human vision management. The management training systems approach focuses on blueprint and implementing computer-based development systems for use by management. It converts raw data into schooling inputs, which are after employ by management for decision making. Modern management teaching systems help in enterprise-wide decision making, incorporate all functions of management.Enterprise-wide decision nurture systems (such as human resource info systems) are utilise for critical or strategically important decisions, as these provide valuable randomness inputs. An acknowledgment of the quantitative school of thought is the systems theory approach. This approach considers the organization as a whole because of the mutualist natur e of activities, requiring the organization to act with outside environmental factors. In this rivalrous scenario,organizations cannot function in isolation. It has to forge in open systems, interacting with the environment.Whether it is new-product development or employee selection, the organization has to consider them as open systems, as its decisions are inter link up and mutually beneficial with the environmental situation. synergism is the phenomenon of open systems of management by which the aggregate system is more than a simple sum of its parts. It inwardness that if a manager effectively coordinates the efforts of related sub-systems, the result give be greater than the sum total of such sovereign efforts, that is, 2 + 2 will be greater than 4. The systems approach to management is overly important because it helps in avoiding entropy.Entropy is a syndrome wherein systems and processes in the end decay. By relating the organization to the environment, followi ng a systems approach, such a situation can be averted. The happening theory approach discards the concept of universality in management principles and determines managerial decisions considering situational factors. The task of a manager, as per this theory, is to come across which techniques willin a exceptional situation, under busy circumstances, at a finical point of time silk hat contribute to achieving organizational goals.The theory contends that organizational phenomena exist in a logical pattern, which managers can understand step by step by understand various situations. They can thereby frame their managerial styles, which exchange from situation to situation. The fortuity theory and the systems theory are together classified as the endogenetic school of management thought because these two theories integrate the classical, behavioral, and quantitative theories into a manikin that uses only the scoop up of each approach in a given situation.